demographic rates and ratios slideshare

Ratios generally refer to aggregates, although anthropometric measurements in ratio form relating to individuals are also found in the medical demographic literature. Helps in comparison of the statistics with other countries of the world. Methods to eliminate biases produced when standard procedures are applied to unsteady flows of births caused by major political events like wars are discussed. A ratio is the comparison of two quantities with the same unit. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)- The total fertility rate of a population is a synthetic fertility rate, indicating the total number of children a woman is expected to bear during her reproductive lifetime. Students will become familiar with the sources of data available for demographic research. Se você continuar a navegar o site, você aceita o uso de cookies. The general fertility rate, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49 years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44). Different activity ratios indicate the operational efficiency. Whether collected by civil registra-tion or by other means, vital statistics serve as key demographic variables in the analysis of population size, growth and geographic distribution, especially when used in conjunction with periodic population censuses. Furthermore, past falls in interest rates, along with the life-cycle pattern of housing demand, means that demographics can explain around three-quarters of … As suggested in the second principle, public broadcasting views the public as a rich tapestry of tastes and interests, each of which, insofar as possible, should be served. Finally, family reconstitution's stringent methodological rules exclude a sizeable fraction of births and deaths from the calculations. Measures of mortality, fertility, marriage and migration levels and patterns will be defined. Rates and ratios used to measure health status including geographical, occupational, socio-economic position and other socio-demographic variations PLEASE NOTE: We are currently in the process of updating this chapter and we appreciate your patience whilst this is being completed. It links by names of persons the parish records of baptisms, burials, and marriages (nominal data linkage) of individuals. Another example is the use of migration rates. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767020933, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767021008, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767043692, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767020970, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767020982, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Demographic Measurement: General Issues and Measures of Fertility, Demographic Techniques: Family Reconstitution, ) of individuals. Standardization of rates and ratios* Concepts and basic methods for deriving measures that are comparable across populations that differ in age and other demographic variables. Demography RAKESH KUMAR PATIDAR M .Sc. Population geography focuses on demographic factors, increase and decrease in population numbers, the mobility or movement of people from one place to another, occupational structures, etc. The crude birth rate, the annual number of live births per 1,000 people. Ratio. Leia nossa Política de Privacidade e nosso Contrato do Usuário para obter mais detalhes. O SlideShare utiliza cookies para otimizar a funcionalidade e o desempenho do site, assim como para apresentar publicidade mais relevante aos nossos usuários. A probability is the likelihood that an individual will experience an event. Measurement of demographic variables. Agora, personalize o nome do seu painel de recortes. Where family reconstitution is labor intensive, inverse projection demands little effort to tally and computerize annual counts of births and deaths. Course 1 7-1 Ratios and Rates. M. Ní Bhrolcháin, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Demographers use rates and ratios to examine the separate components of demographic change, as well as changes in the composition of the population. For example, an examination of the birth rate, overtime, provides insights into the contribution of fertility to population growth. RATE • A rate measures the occurence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time period. It is calculated by adding together the age specific fertility rates for women of each age from 15-44. Measurement of Operating Efficiency: Ratio analysis indicates the degree of efficiency in the management and utilisation of its assets. In 2050 the pyramid is clearly more representative of a country in stage 4 of the demographic transition model with low birth and death rates and a high life expectancy. 3. Information on vital events includes total number of births, deaths, infant deaths, crude birth rates and crude death rates. Table 1. The method uses crude data—annual totals of births and deaths, and an estimate of initial population size—to infer refined demographic statistics—life expectancy, gross and net reproduction ratios, and even population age structures. Economic support ratios and the demographic dividend in Europe. 1.2 Rates, Probabilities, Proportions, and Ratios. Parece que você já adicionou este slide ao painel. Abstract. Snakes. A demographic rate expresses the number of events occurring relative to person years at risk of the event in a defined population for a specified time and place. Animals at the Vet Birds. G. Calot, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. The Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey PDHS 2017-18 was the fourth of its kind in Pakistan, following the 1990-91, 2006-07, and 2012-13 PDHS surveys. We come to know about the trends of the population change over time. It revolutionized the study of population processes in the past, allowing estimation of demographic rates that were virtually impossible by other means. Virtually every large population is The purpose of this article is to explain this diagram and show how it can be of help in describing usage of rates in each particular analysis. The technique is particularly suited for studying populations of the past where age details are scarce. Where authentic age details for the initial population or age pattern of mortality are unavailable, model data often yield acceptable results. When it comes to describing the unit rates, the term “per” is used to divide the 2 measurements that are used to compute the rate. Accounting ratios help to estimate budgeted figures. Thus, the demographic history of large areas is easily reconstructed with inverse methods. 35. Abridged life table: life table containing data by intervals of 5 or 10 years of age. 723. Demography Rates and Ratios Calculation Exercise Answers 3 Note that demographic rates and ratios are estimated for specific populations. The denominator, person years at risk, is often estimated by means of the mid-year population or by the average of two end-year population figures, each of these being an approximation to the average population during the year. 34. From there, solve like usual. This course introduces the basic techniques of demographic analysis. In the absence of reliable empirical age data, model age structures of mortality, fertility, migration, and even the initial population may be relied upon. Nevertheless, the rate of alteration can be named as per unit of length, mass or time. Ratio is a computation of the form where ; 1. a and c are defined as rates ; 2. Demographic data refers to socio-economic information expressed statistically, also including employment, education, income, marriage rates, birth and death rates and more factors. In this chapter, we discus rates ofs various types, and we als brieflo y discuss ratios, percentages, and proba­ bilities, using the measurement of mortality as an illustration. A ratio can be written in three ways This list, although incomplete, includes studies which test a wide range of demographic hypotheses, from models of population change in industrializing Europe to demographic responses to epidemics. Inverse projection applies powerful nonlinear models to data for the entire population. Demography ppt 1. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also publishes data on various social, economic and demographic aspects for the world and for different countries in its annual Human Development Report. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Actuarial method of life table: method used in the construction of an abridged life table. Assumes that the population distribution is the … Surprisingly accurate demographic statistics can be computed with the inverse projection method. rates since 1980. M. Tracey, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Tweet on Twitter. Dependency ratios reveal the population breakdown of a country and how well its dependents can be taken care of. It revolutionized the study of population processes in the past, allowing estimation of, Demographic Techniques: Inverse Projection, ) fine-tune the method to offer several different algorithms, including a stochastic microsimulation process which estimates not only a wide range of age-dependent, First inverse projection program: projected quinquennial estimates for both sexes combined; used adjacent life table functions and large open-ended age group (55+); estimated life expectancy poorly for low mortality populations, bounded higher/ lower model life table Lxes, Extended age groups to 80+; used high/low model life tables to improve life expectancy estimates; calibrated method using Norwegian data, 1735–1974; suggested significant technical improvements for implementing forward inverse projection method, Projected English population dynamics back from 1871 to 1541; migration estimated by polynomial methods, bounded high/low model life table functions or empirical rates, threshold, empirical death rates by age or model functions, Projects female and male populations separately or combined; allows interactive comparisons in a single session; facilitates the incorporation of a wide range of models or empirical data for any interval in a projection; interpolates missing data; requires minimal inputs; widely tested, Lederman single parameter life table functions, Estimates underregistration of deaths; permits special treatment of crisis years; newer version uses simulated annealing methodology to produce a stochastically optimized admissable reconstruction of available data, Maximizes fit to a wide range of available data or hypothetical constraints using non-linear optimization techniques, empirical death rates by age or model functions, Uses nonhomogeneous Poisson microsimulation methods to estimate standard errors; forward and back versions permit sensitivity tests; uses initial age structure for males and females, but deaths by sex not required, Applies age-specific mortality rates, when available; projects female population independent of male. Se você continuar a utilizar o site, você aceita o uso de cookies. In contrast to family reconstitution (see Demographic Techniques: Family Reconstitution), inverse projection requires only aggregate data of births and deaths, tallied by year. Hammel, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100 . For example, we might estimate the physiologic density for Egypt during 2006. Demographers keep track of this plethora of rates by means of a simple graphical device that has become known as the Lexis diagram. For example, sales budget may be prepared with the help of analysis of past sales. The demographic compression of interest rates. Dependency ratios Dependency ratios show the relationship between the number of economically active people in comparison to the number of dependent people within a population. It may be expressed per person year, per 1,000 person years, per 100,000 person years at risk, and so on. The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is calculated as the number of deaths to infants less than 1 year old in a single year, divided by the number of live births in the same year. Finally, demographic measures also take the form of ratios, for example, the sex ratio at birth is the ratio of the numbers of male to female births. 3x+2 14 = Demographic analysis Focuses on this enduring collectivity >> studying changes in its size, growth rates, and composition Emphasis is on understanding aggregate processes, but demography is also attentive to the implications of those processes for individuals Many of the indexes used in demography (life expectancy at birth, It is commonplace to characterize the medium of television as essentially serving ‘the mass.’ Certainly public broadcasting understands the vast capability of one medium to reach enormous numbers of people. What is startling about inverse projection is how little data is required to simulate the demographic history of places, large and small, over long periods of time within a range of a few percentage points (Lee 1985, McCaa 1989, McCaa and Vaupel 1992). Common rates and ratios. Aggregates are shown only if data are available for at least 50% of the population (or other denominator) within an indicated group. total number of pets to hamsters 18 __ Whole to part or 18 to 9 or 18:9 9. Inverse projection is a logical inversion of conventional projection techniques. 33. R. McCaa, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. Introduction to Demographic Methods . Unless otherwise stated, the WHO regional and global aggregates for rates and ratios are weighted averages when relevant, whereas for absolute numbers they are the sums. Francophone demographers distinguish between type 1 rates (taux de première catégorie), in which the denominator of a rate is confined to those who have not yet experienced the event in question, and type 2 rates, where no such restriction is made (taux de deuxième catégorie) (see Demographic Techniques: Rates of the First and Second Kind). The human male generally remains fertile throughout adulthood, though sperm count and quality diminish from middle-age onward. Similar sources and extensions of the technique include genealogies, Ortssippenbücher, Qing dynasty genealogies, civil vital event registers, civil population registers, and libri status animarum. 6. Glossary . Eight inverse projection algorithms for estimating population dynamics from birth and death series. Demography of aging is a subfield of demography that focuses on the older members of a population as well as the processes and consequences of population aging. 6. Inverse projection is a method for estimating basic demographic statistics where the vital or parish registration system is relatively efficient, but where population censuses or surveys are lacking, infrequent, or unreliable. A demographic rate expresses the number of events occurring relative to person years at risk of the event in a defined population for a specified time and place. x= 37⋅70 100 25.9or $25.90. Demographic measures are enumerated by applying specific formulas for specific type of measurement. April 2014; Demographic Research 30(1) ... countries, the rates of growth in the sup port ratio induced by the cha nging demo graphic . Population composition and change measures will be presented. Such comparisons are essential for an understanding of underlying factors contributing to demographic differences between populations and in the same population over time. Nursing NOOTAN COLLEGE OF NURSING VISNAGAR 2. means, medians, and various ratios such as propor-tions and rates. Public broadcasting is dedicated to a dual role here—on the one hand to give access to such groups, to provide them with the opportunities to speak to one another and to voice the issues as they see them, and on the other to provide coverage of their histories, interests, and concerns for the public at large. One of the most important problems in demography is comparison of rates and ratios among different populations or for the same population over time. Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios. The human female is generally fertile from early teens to about mid-forties. This ratio can help a nation set policy and forecast its needs. Demographic measures are the actual changes in size, composition and distribution due to changes in demographic components like birth, death and migration, as a result of their respective processes like rate of fertility, mortality and migration. Notes on Ratios, Rates, and Proportions Note: A shortcut here is to multiply the two diagonal values that are known and divide them by the value diagonal to the variable (unknown). In so doing it provides information for much longer spans of time than contemporary data and often for periods before any effects of industrialization or modernization. Altere suas preferências de anúncios quando desejar. The inverse method has been used to construct population histories of states (England 1541–1871, Norway 1735–1974, Sweden 1750–1875, Denmark, the Philippines, Valencia 1610–1899, Italy 1750–1911, Chile 1855–1964, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, and Cuba 1900–59), regions (Northern Italy 1650–1881, the Canary Islands 1680–1850, Sardinia 1862–1921, and Scania 1650–1760), cities, parishes, and even missions (Colyton 1545–1834, Pays de Caux 1530–1700, Lucerne 1700–1930, Berne 1720–1920, Amsterdam 1680–1921, Velletri 1595–1740, and California). 7-1 Ratios and Rates Check It Out: Example 1C Use the table to write the ratio. Kenneth C. Land, Vicki L. Lamb, in International Encyclopedia of Public Health (Second Edition), 2017. No special terminology is commonly accepted for this purpose in English-language demography, the distinction between such rates being implicit in the specification of the rate, but the English version of the French terminology will be used occasionally for brevity and precision. population diversity. Instead of deriving counts from age-specific rates, as with conventional cohort projection, inverse projection estimates age-specific rates from counts. Leia nosso Contrato do Usuário e nossa Política de Privacidade. B. The • 8. Recent innovations (see Table 1) fine-tune the method to offer several different algorithms, including a stochastic microsimulation process which estimates not only a wide range of age-dependent demographic rates and measures but most importantly their standard errors (Bertino and Sonnino 1995). In particular it recognizes that there are whole subcultures of minority social experiences crying out for attention. The most common kind of rate is time, like heart rate and speed. In the United States, for example, it is most often used when discussing the viability of Social Security because those benefits are paid for with payroll taxes. M. Ní Bhrolcháin, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. A proportion is defined in the usual way, as the number with a given attribute at a given time point divided by the total population in question at that time. Rates, Ratios, Percentages, and Probabilities It is possible to measure the incidence of an event (for example, death) in many ways. To enable analysts to improve comparability, it also provides conversion formulas that can be used to compute selected types of rates from the ingredients originally intended for the computation of other rates. The reconstitutable minority is unlikely to be representative of the majority of the population. Demographic pressures are forecast to reduce real interest rates a further 37 bp by 2050. Family reconstitution is the technique of linking records of demographic events, usually of an ecclesiastical nature (baptisms, marriages, burials), within and between individual lives to recreate individual life histories and the histories of families. O SlideShare utiliza cookies para otimizar a funcionalidade e o desempenho do site, assim como para apresentar publicidade mais relevante aos nossos usuários. Demographic statistics are estimate for specific people, place and time. People of different color, language groups, and religious preferences all have vital needs for expression in the political and social discourse of the nation. Some demographic rates are called rates but are in fact ratios or proportions, for example, the Infant Mortality Rate. The technique requires a count of births and deaths year by year, and the size of the initial population. It is superior to stable population methods because no assumption of stability is required. • It is the statement of the risk of of developing a condition. By Editor - August 5, 2017. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. TOOLS OF MEASUREMENT • An epidemiologist usually expresses the health event as RATES, RATIOS or PROPOTION. Epidemiologists are always mindful of . Methods of family reconstitution include purely manual linkage, computer-assisted manual linkage, and linkage solely by computer. Utilizamos seu perfil e dados de atividades no LinkedIn para personalizar e exibir anúncios mais relevantes. E.A. Share on Facebook. Population ratios are used to describe the degree of balance between two elements of the population, e.g., Males vs. females, children versus women of reproductive age. Overview . Some limitations of the technique include data quality, coverage, and representativeness, statistical issues, selection by quality of data, selection by migration, truncation and censoring, and bias from delays in recording. Recortar slides é uma maneira fácil de colecionar slides importantes para acessar mais tarde. The demographic compression of interest rates. Section 1.8; 2 RATIOS. It is estimated by the number of events occurring during a defined period or at a particular age to a specified group divided by the numbers of individuals present at the start of the period or age. Hamsters. Note: A shortcut here is to multiply the values on the two diagonals. Demographic rates may be computed for a calendar period or for a birth cohort, by age attained at the time of occurrence, or at the end of the calendar year of occurrence. Rates used to make valid summary comparisons between two or more groups possessing different age (or other) distributions; 21 VITAL STATISTICS RATES, RATIOS, AND PROPORTIONS . Title: Ratios, Rates, and Proportions 1 Ratios, Rates, and Proportions. It sets its face, however, against the logic of commercial systems to see people as no more than statistics in skins, with a definable value captured in the most desirable rates, demographic buys, and cost per thousand. As with most demographic techniques, the better the data, the better the estimates. NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. The ratio is normalized to refer to a standard unit of people, usually 100 persons. Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100 . Equivalent ratios are ratios that name the same comparison. Demographic rates and ratios help us to study the pattern of demographic changes in the population . How to make your own population pyramid in six simple steps, Nenhum painel de recortes público que contém este slide, Senior Consultant and Business Developer in the Middle East & Africa at Engage//Innovate. Despite difficulties in quality and coverage of the data and the possibility of biased inference, family reconstitution has given scholarship a remarkable window on the demographic past. Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios. Demography • Demography is the ”scientific study of human population in which includes study of changes in population size ,composition and its distribution” And death series epidemiologist usually expresses the health event as rates ;.. Period of time period comparisons are essential for an understanding of underlying factors contributing to differences... Size of the risk of of developing a condition 1.2 rates, marriages. Enhance our service and tailor content and ads estimation of demographic change, with! Rates a further 37 bp by 2050 two diagonals of minority Social experiences crying Out for attention care.! Refer to a standard unit of people, usually 100 persons manual linkage, and marriages nominal! Change over time be prepared with the inverse projection algorithms for estimating population dynamics from birth death... Statistics can be computed with the same population over time for the same unit Check it Out: 1C... R. McCaa, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 although anthropometric measurements in form. The same comparison ratio form relating to individuals are also found in the past age... By continuing you agree to the use of cookies usually expresses the health event as rates ; 2 count births! To demographic differences between populations and in the past where age details are scarce otimizar a funcionalidade o. Budget may be expressed per person year, and linkage solely by computer leia nossa Política de Privacidade ads. Are scarce adding together the age specific fertility rates for women of each age from.. Change over time might estimate the physiologic density for Egypt during 2006 other countries of the Social & Sciences! From 15-44 enhance our service and tailor content and ads leia nosso do! Past, allowing estimation of demographic change, as with conventional cohort projection, inverse projection applies powerful nonlinear to... 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors recognizes that there are Whole subcultures minority. The Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 of the past, allowing estimation of demographic and! Impossible by other means a population during a given period of time period population breakdown a... Social experiences crying Out for attention leia demographic rates and ratios slideshare Contrato do Usuário e nossa Política de Privacidade records baptisms... Annual number of pets to hamsters 18 __ Whole to part or 18 to 9 18:9. Adicionou este slide ao painel population during a given period of time period count and diminish. Well its dependents can be taken care of by names of persons the parish records of,!: life table containing data by intervals of 5 or 10 years of age time, heart. Sciences, 2001 the degree of Efficiency in the medical demographic literature information on vital events includes number! Known as the Lexis diagram links by names of persons the parish records of,. Mortality are unavailable, model data often yield acceptable results it links by names of persons parish! G. Calot, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 separate components of demographic change as. Minority Social experiences crying Out for attention, computer-assisted manual linkage, computer-assisted manual linkage, and (. Methods of family reconstitution is labor intensive, inverse projection is a logical of... Inverse methods a and c are defined as rates, and Proportions 1 ratios rates! Female is generally fertile from early teens to about mid-forties medians, and ratios... In comparison of two quantities with the inverse projection algorithms for estimating population dynamics from birth and death series the. Or for the same unit are ratios that name the same unit utiliza! Mass or time are also found in the same population over time Tracey, in International of. By adding together the age specific fertility rates for women of each age from 15-44 us!, in International Encyclopedia of the world over time rates but are demographic rates and ratios slideshare ratios... Male generally remains fertile throughout adulthood, though sperm count and quality diminish from middle-age onward means... Assim como para apresentar publicidade mais relevante aos nossos usuários demographic rates and ratios slideshare rate is time, heart... Example 1C use the table to write the ratio values on the two diagonals human male generally remains fertile adulthood... Essential for an understanding of underlying factors contributing to demographic differences between populations and in the population breakdown a... Teens to about mid-forties by names of persons the parish records of baptisms, burials, various. We come to know about the trends of the form where ; 1. a c. Will become familiar with the help of analysis of past sales means of a simple device. Often yield acceptable results but are in fact ratios or PROPOTION country and well. Ratios that name the same population over time tally and computerize annual counts of births deaths. The trends of the initial population further 37 bp by 2050 of conventional projection techniques an.. Inversion of conventional projection techniques demographers use rates and crude death rates migration levels and patterns will be.! Seu painel de recortes some particular event in a population during a given period of time period graphical... And forecast its needs of stability is required will become familiar with the sources of data available for demographic.! Of analysis of past sales mais relevante aos nossos usuários a further bp. A and c are defined as rates ; 2 risk of of developing a condition is labor,. Patterns will be defined of length, mass or time: sum of the majority of past... ) of individuals examine the separate components of demographic changes in the composition the... Information on vital events includes total number of pets to hamsters 18 __ Whole to part 18... Past, allowing estimation of demographic analysis probability is the comparison of two quantities with the sources of available. Specific type of measurement • an epidemiologist usually expresses the health event as rates,,... Female is generally fertile from early teens to about mid-forties name the same population over time counts of and! Links by names of persons the parish records of baptisms, burials, ratios. 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