how did the soviet union defeat germany

The impressive production of weapons was achieved by turning the whole of the remaining Soviet area into what Stalin called 'a single armed camp', focusing all efforts on military production and extorting maximum labour from a workforce whose only guarantee of food was to turn up at the factory and work the arduous 12-hour shifts. Correctly calculating that Hitler would direct efforts to capture Moscow, Stalin concentrated his forces to defend the city, including numerous divisions transferred from Soviet eastern sectors after he determined that Japan would not attempt an attack in those areas. From the nuclear arms race to the space race, and in proxy wars from Asia to the Americas, the US and the USSR were in heated competition for political, military, and economic dominance of the world. Soviet resistance made possible a successful Allied invasion of France, and ensured the final Allied victory over Germany. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy. The US did most of the work of defeating Imperial Japan, though. Following the official parade comes the semi-official March of the Immortal Regiment. Britain had, until 1944 the largest navy in the world, bigger than Germany, the USA and the French navies put together. Soviet army tactics and intelligence-gathering were also overhauled. From November 1941 to February 1942 the only food available to the citizen was 125 grams of bread per day, of which 50–60% consisted of sawdust and other inedible admixtures. The date of 22 June was late for starting a campaign over such a vast area, but German commanders were confident that the Soviet armed forces were primitive, and that the Soviet people were waiting for liberation. By December 1941, Hitler’s troops had advanced to within 16 miles of the Kremlin in Moscow. The original date, set for May 1941, had to be revised to complete the vast preparations for the attack - following other German attacks on Yugoslavia and Greece in April. Among these were 19 panzer divisions, and in total the “Barbarossa” force had about 3,000 tanks, 7,000 artillery pieces, and 2,500 aircraft. Stalin’s effort to strengthen the USSR manifested itself as a series of nationwide centralized Five-Year Economic Plans from 1929 onward. This was arguably the USSR’s weakest hour, for her generals appeared to have learned little from 1941, and her newly raised legions were barely trained and woefully short of air support, artillery and modern armour. Oleg Budnitskii, historian at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow, told a BBC Radio program that Red Army soldiers were astounded when they reached Germany. The Germany Army shrank in size & in offensive capability. ... After World War II, why did the Soviet Union favor a divided Germany? For two years Soviet forces pushed the German army back into Germany, until in May 1945 Soviet forces accepted the surrender of the relic of Hitler's army in Berlin. In early April, the first Allied-governed Rheinwiesenlagerswere established in western Germany to hold hun… The Soviet will to win, which emerged painfully from the wreckage of Soviet fortunes before Stalingrad, was not a mere abstraction but a spur to efforts that both sides, Soviet and German, would have thought impossible a year before. Let’s do the numbers. They did not have to fight a war of attrition involving millions of soldiers. Russia and the United States, like any two nations, often have very different goals on the world stage – but for four long years in the 1940s, the Soviet Union sacrificed more as a bulwark against Nazi Germany than many Americans now care to remember. On June 22, 1941, Germany launched its attack on the Soviet Union. The mass-murder of the Jews illustrates the importance of ideology in the conflict. But the full realization of Hitler’s highly-racialized Lebensraum policy did not end with Poland and would soon bring Germany into conflict with Stalin’s USSR. Not only did Stalin’s Soviet Union play the key role in crushing Nazi Germany, its huge sacrifices saved the lives of countless American, British and Canadian soldiers. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. At the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk, in particular, the Soviets managed to turn the tide of the war. For the early part … Find out how . Over 80% of the Wehrmacht's World War II casualties were suffered on the Eastern Front. The Battle of Kursk in July 1943 was one of the greatest set-piece battles in military history. The Soviet Union survived only by mobilizing two-thirds of its women to run the factories and farms, and by modernizing its armed forces so that it did not have to rely any longer on raw numbers of men, but could rely, like the American army, on mass-produced weapons… The evacuation saved the Soviet war effort […] from certain disaster.”. The Soviet state was transformed in the process into a … Soviet armies were always desperately short of men. The tide of the war did not change on D-Day in 1944, the US-British assault on Germany from the West, which Stalin had urged for years. Germany proved unable to defeat the Soviet Union, which together with Great Britain and the United States, seized the initiative from Germany. The D-Day landing in France by American and British forces, which is often portrayed in the United States as a critically important military blow against Nazi Germany, was launched in June 1944 — that is, less than a year before the end of the war in Europe, and months after the great Soviet military victories at Stalingrad and Kursk, which were decisive in Germany’s defeat.”. Stalin was warned by several sources of the imminent threat of a German invasi… The 872 days (two and a half years) of siege caused extreme famine in the Leningrad region through disruption of utilities, water, energy and food supplies. He killed Jews all over Europe regardless … What country could be considered the MVP in the war to defeat Nazi Germany? Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union also signed a ten-year nonaggression pact on August 23, 1939, in which each signatory promised not to attack the other. Tens of thousands of these men remained as prisoners for nearly a decade after the end of the war, and tens of thousands more disappeared into oblivion. Around 3:15 on the morning of June 22, 1941, Germany launched a sneak attack, bombing Russian positions and cities, and crossing into Soviet-occupied Poland. Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict of 1941-1945 by Alan Clark (Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2001), German-Russian War 1941-1945 by A Guillame (Naval & Military Press, 2003), German Battle Tactics on the Russian Front, 1941-1945 by Steven Newton (Schiffer, 1994), Stalingrad by Antony Beevor (Penguin, 1999), The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943 (Classic Military History) by Robin Cross (Penguin, 2002). It resulted more directly than any single American or British action in the destruction of the Third Reich. Lend-Lease aid did not “save” the Soviet Union from defeat during the Battle of Moscow. In November 1942 Operation Uranus was launched by the Soviets, and the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad was encircled. ), A woman proudly displays photos of relatives who served in the war – in Putin’s Russia, the memory of the Great Patriotic War has been revived and reinvigorated, a king of 4th of July, Thanksgiving, and Veteran’s Day rolled into one. ‘I give up. In the event, the shock of attack almost unhinged the Soviet state, and by the autumn German forces had destroyed most of the Red Army and the Russian air force, surrounded and besieged Leningrad - where over one million people died of starvation and cold - and were approaching the outskirts of Moscow. The war began with Hitler’s attack on Poland in September 1939 and was followed by the stunning German defeat of France in summer 1940. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. Founded in 2006, Historum is a history forum dedicated to history discussions and historical events. For Stalin, this, in part, meant a weak, de-industrialized Germany. Orlando Ferge summarizes the practical and symbolic importance of defending Moscow, pointing out, “If the Germans captured it, the whole country would be split in two; they would control the railway system, whose web of lines was centered on the capital; while the Soviet people would think the revolution had ended, so their willingness to go on fighting for it might well collapse.”. “In fact,” writes historian Mark Weber, “Hitler’s Germany was defeated, first and foremost, by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union Without Nazi Germany: Did the Soviets single-handedly defeat Nazi Germany? For Stalin, this, in part, meant a weak, de-industrialized Germany. The Soviet Union was annoyed at what seemed to it to be a long delay by the allies in opening a “second front” of the Allied offensive against Germany. Stalin’s third peace offer in May 1943 was a proposed ceasefire along the Soviet Union’s 1938 borders which would have effectively reversed the Hitler-Stalin Pact, while leaving the Germans in control of the Baltic states, eastern Finland, the eastern half of Poland and northeastern Romania all of which had been annexed by the Soviets from 1939–1940. US and Russian troops meet at the river Elbe on the 25th April 1945. Not until December 1940, however, did Hitler make a final decision to go ahead with what became known as Operation Barbarossa. (Moscow, Russia, 2017.). It lies instead in the remarkable reform of the Red Army and the Russian air force, undertaken slowly in 1942. O ne of the classic “what ifs” of the Second World War centers on how—or if—the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, code-named Operation Barbarossa, could have achieved a quick victory. Before the battle was over, Hitler and several of his followers killed themselves. Perhaps he resented the fact that the Soviet Union was getting a lot of countries like Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. As the tide of the war turned, hundreds of thousands of German soldiers fell into Soviet custody as prisoners of war. It is likely that the strategists in Washington were thinking on more or less similar lines.The conflicts between Churchill and Roosevelt on the question of D-day were of a political and not a military character. They would not have remained idle if the Soviet Union marched into Germany (which might actually have happened if the Soviets had defeated Poland in the Russo-Polish War of 1920). Forums. The roots of the war lie in the appointment of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor in 1933. The USSR nevertheless out-produced Germany in the quantity (though seldom in the quality) of most major weapons, from this much smaller industrial base. At times during this period, it was unfashionable – and sometimes downright dangerous – in the United States to be seen as sympathetic or friendly to the Soviet Union. After the outbreak of war in 1939 came the added fear of Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe, while Germany was fighting the British Empire and France in the west. Hitler wrote, “The Slavs are born as a slavish mass, crying out for their master.” He continued, “I need the Ukraine, in order that no one is able to starve us again, like in the last war.”, All of this meant that the war with the USSR, when it came, was bound to be brutal, aimed not just at territorial conquest, as in France or Belgium, but at full extermination of the Russian people. But one other likely explanation lies in the way in which the post-war world took shape. The Russians NEEDED another front or they would have negotiated a cease fire. Not only did Stalin’s Soviet Union play the key role in crushing Nazi Germany, its huge sacrifices saved the lives of countless American, British and Canadian soldiers. The Soviet people were the instrument of their own redemption from the depths of war.”, The Soviet push back against the Germans was long, costly, and brutal. The German-Soviet Pact enabled Germany to attack Poland on September 1, 1939, without fear of Soviet intervention. Photo taken in Moscow on Victory Day, 2017. The opening stages of the war seemed to bear out his prophecy. People often died on the streets, and citizens soon became accustomed to the sight of death. From the Soviet perspective, two invasions by Germany (World War I and World War II) and the loss of almost 30 million people during the Great Patriotic War was all that a nation could be expected to bear. Despite repeated intelligence warnings, which included the precise day and hour of Germany's incipient assault, Stalin remained convinced that Hitler would not risk an eastern war as long as the British Empire remained undefeated. Home. They were the first to crush a major Nazi army. After that, with Germany seriously weakened by its brutal clash with the Soviet Union in the East, U.S. economic strength propelled the Allies to victory. BBC © 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. The nature of the dictatorships determined the savage character of the eastern conflict. The enemy will be beaten. The destruction of the Soviet Union by military force, the permanent elimination of the perceived Communist threat to Germany, and the seizure of prime land within Soviet borders for long-term German settlement had been core policy of the Nazi movement since the 1920s. By Professor Richard Overy World War II - World War II - Invasion of the Soviet Union, 1941: For the campaign against the Soviet Union, the Germans allotted almost 150 divisions containing a total of about 3,000,000 men. Soviet resistance made possible a successful Allied invasion of France ... By the autumn of 1941 these instructions had expanded to include all suspected partisans and other categories of Jew. On 22 June 1941, some three million soldiers of Germany and her allies began an attack on the Soviet Union. Women fought in their thousands in the Soviet armed forces as pilots, sharpshooters, even tank commanders. They constantly harried German troops, and were themselves the victim of harsh punitive expeditions, which led to the death of hundreds of thousands of innocent villagers along with the partisan bands. The Soviet Union believed a divided Germany could not start another war. Many women joined the partisan movement operating behind the German lines - and by 1943 there were an estimated 300,000 of them. The UK and US jointly did about as much to defeat Nazi Germany as the Soviet Union. The attack came as a complete surprise to the leader of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin. Hitler compared this inevitable extermination to that carried out by the United States during the nineteenth century: “Our Mississippi must be the Volga…”, “Who,” asked Hitler, “remembers the Red Indians?”, Hitler wrote of the USSR, “It is inconceivable that a higher people should painfully exist on a soil too narrow for it, whilst amorphous masses, which contribute nothing to civilization, occupy infinite tracts of a soil that is one of the richest in the world.”. They were characterized by unprecedented ferocity, wholesale destruction, mass deportations, and immense loss of life due to combat, starvation, exposure, disease, and massacres. (Red Square, Moscow, Russia, 2017. Poll: US did more than UK and USSR to defeat Nazi Germany. German dreams of capturing Moscow and ending the War in the East had evaporated. German–Soviet Union relations date to the aftermath of the First World War.The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, dictated by Germany ended hostilities between Russia and Germany; it was signed on March 3, 1918. The enormous scale of this particularly ferocious war is hard to comprehend. In 1942 the remaining Jewish population was rounded up and killed on the spot or sent to extermination camps. Lenin founded our state and we’ve fucked it up.’ Stalin must have realized that he was to blame for the disaster. An exceptional burden was borne by Soviet women. The Soviets may have fought Germany for 4 years while Britain and France fought for 6 years but Germany lost more men in 1941 alone while fighting the Soviets than they did in 1939-41 fighting Britain and France. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Romania, into German and Soviet “spheres of influence,” anticipating “territorial and political rearrangements” of these countries – coded language for a mutual military takeover and of these marginal countries at a near future date. In the east there was more space than people. After Germany's defeat in the Second World War, the four main allies in Europe - the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France - took part in a joint occupation of the German state. He wasn't hated in the USA, because thanks to Hollywood, he was "Uncle Joe". The southern attack failed at Stalingrad. In 2017, over 800,000 Russians and foreign attendees marched through central Moscow in commemoration of those who perished and those who survived World War II. The destruction battalions also burned down villages, schools, public buildings, and any other materials that might be useful to the enemy. Stalin wanted what any leader would want for his country – stability and security. It did not replace its losses in the 1941 campaign, nor in later years. An interview in which a Soviet commander admitted how close Moscow came to defeat by Germany … The German integration of air and ground forces, targeting of Soviet command posts and, above all, their speed, proved decisive. Historian Richard Overy writes of this period in his seminal study Why the Allies Won, “The stubbornness of Soviet resistance astonished German commanders; the ferocity of the confrontation led to barbarisms on both sides…. In the annual Immortal Regiment parade, over 500,000 Russians and foreign attendees march in commemoration of those who perished and those who survived World War II. Not only did Stalin’s Soviet Union play the key role in crushing Nazi Germany, its huge sacrifices saved the lives of countless American, British and Canadian soldiers. All they knew about foreign countries was there was unemployment, starvation and exploitation. Who conducted the world's first successful test of a nuclear bomb? After achieving stunning success in the early months of the campaign, the attack stalled and the Soviets began to slowly push the Germans back. The cost to the Soviet Union was an estimated 27 million dead. German forces entered the USSR with instructions from Hitler's headquarters to use the most brutal methods to keep control, and to murder Communist commissars and Jews in the service of the Soviet state. More people died fighting on the Eastern Front than in any other fighting across the globe during World War II. your question should be how did the western allies help the soviet union defeat Germany. Hitler certainly believed that it could. The Soviet Union paid the harshest price: though the numbers are not exact, an estimated 26 million Soviet citizens died during World War II, including as many as 11 million soldiers. A Soviet war correspondent gave his own vivid account from the front lines of Berlin: The garrison of troops defending Berlin consisted of several depleted and disorganized Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, along with poorly trained Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members. two invasions by Germany (World War I and World War II) and the loss of almost 30 million people during the, Great Patriotic War was all that a nation could be expected to bear. Let’s do the numbers. On December 5, the Soviets launched a counteroffensive, pushing German troops back about 50 miles from Moscow in what was the first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the war. Hitler hoped that German forces would capture the oil and sweep on through the Middle East to meet up with Axis forces in Egypt. level 1. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled.  © History Themes. The Soviet people also played their part. Speculative History. Over the course of three long years, the Germans were forced to make a slow, bloody retreat back to their own country. Likewise, the invasion eased pressure on the other Allies and gave them a valuable ally in the east. 70% of the german army was committed to the war in the East. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Some were terrorised into doing so, particularly the millions of camp labourers who worked fully for the war effort. Operation Barbarossa, during World War II, code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which was launched on June 22, 1941. Camouflage, surprise and misinformation were brilliantly exploited to keep the German army in the dark about major Soviet intentions. On December 25, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Soviet resistance made possible a successful Allied invasion of France, and ensured the final Allied victory over Germany. The German military plan called for an advance up to a hypothetical line running from the port of Archangel in northern Russia to the port of Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea – the so-called 'A-A line'. Over the course of the next week, the Red Army gradually took the entire city. If Hitler had defeated the Soviet Union, he would probably try to reach a peace deal with Britain and possibly then, and only then could he turn his attention to the USA. But after that, Germany turned against the Soviet Union and invaded it in 1941. In addition to weakness the Soviet's showed in Finland, Germany had also been alarmed by the Soviet Union's seizure of part of Romania. Stalin wanted what any leader would want for his country – stability and security. If the Red Army had continued to fight the same way, it would simply have sustained escalating losses for little gain. But the speed at which Britain in particular was willing and able to provide aid to the Soviet Union, and at which the Soviet Union was able to put foreign equipment into frontline use, is still an underappreciated part of this story. Were it not for the USSR’s victory, Nazi Germany might be alive and well today. For a lifetime's contribution to military history, Professor Overy was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize by the Society for Military History in 2001. Read more. The distance insulated Soviet industry, and despite the catastrophic loss of life, ensured that the Russian military would be well-supplied even as German factories were devastated by American and British aerial bombing. On one occasion in 1944, tens of thousands of captured German soldiers were paraded in defeat through the streets of Moscow. What country could be considered the MVP in the war to defeat Nazi Germany? In order to secure raw materials, transit rights for German troops, and troop contributions for the invasion from sympathetic powers, Germany began to cajole and pressure the southeast European states to join the Axis. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; some female 8,000 workers, evacuated east along with the equipment in order to operate the factories, lived nearby in holes carved out of the earth. In Front of the German integration of air and ground forces, targeting of Soviet Socialist Republics ( )... Is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets ( CSS ).. Countries was there was more space than people a non-aggression pact between Germany and the United States, the! Browser software or enabling style sheets ( CSS ) if you are able to use instead. 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